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Size exclusion chromatography (SEC), also called gel filtration, is another essential technique used in LPLC. SEC separates molecules based on size, making it invaluable for purifying proteins, polysaccharides, and other macromolecules. The stationary phase consists of porous beads that allow smaller molecules to enter the pores while larger molecules pass through more quickly.

Because SEC does not rely on interactions with the stationary phase, it is a highly gentle method that preserves sample integrity. This makes it an ideal step for buffer exchange and desalting, which are necessary when preparing biomolecules for enzymatic assays, crystallization, or storage.

LPLC-based SEC is particularly advantageous for handling large sample volumes. Although it offers lower resolution than high-pressure SEC, it provides the scalability needed for preparative applications. For researchers working on protein complexes or polymer distribution studies, LPLC SEC remains a dependable and efficient method.

Smart hospitals leverage digital tools and interconnected systems to improve operational efficiency, and 5G sits at the center of this transformation. High-speed connectivity supports a range of automated processes, from smart beds that track patient movement to AI-driven imaging systems that analyze scans instantly.

Hospital staff can use 5G-enabled devices to access patient data, communicate across departments, and coordinate tasks seamlessly. This reduces administrative delays and ensures timely interventions. Meanwhile, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices can constantly collect patient data, transmit alerts, and support clinical decision-making.

5G enhances asset tracking, helping hospitals monitor medical equipment, track medication supplies, and manage energy consumption. These improvements support better resource allocation and reduce operational bottlenecks.

As facilities modernize, 5G becomes essential for building integrated healthcare environments where every device, system, and department is connected. This digital cohesion leads to smoother workflows, improved patient experience, and more efficient care delivery.

Vaccine distribution is one of the most demanding applications of cold chain logistics. Many vaccines require strict temperature control to preserve their potency. Traditional vaccines usually need refrigeration between 2–8°C, while some viral-vector or mRNA vaccines may require ultra-low temperatures.

The distribution chain begins at manufacturing plants, where vaccines are stored in cold rooms before being transported in insulated containers. During transit, temperature monitoring systems track conditions continuously. Upon arrival at regional depots and vaccination centers, vaccines are transferred to medical-grade refrigerators or freezers.

Mass immunization campaigns often rely on last-mile cold chain solutions, such as portable coolers, solar-powered fridges, and temperature-stable packaging. Maintaining cold conditions during last-mile delivery is especially challenging due to remote locations, limited infrastructure, and long travel times.

Training healthcare workers in vaccine handling is essential. Errors such as leaving vials unrefrigerated, exposing them to sunlight, or refreezing thawed products can lead to spoilage. Clear protocols…

Continuous chromatography has emerged as a transformative approach in large-scale purification, particularly for high-demand biologics and specialty chemicals. Unlike traditional batch processes that handle one sample at a time, continuous systems allow uninterrupted processing, improving overall productivity and resource utilization.

A prime example is simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography, where multiple columns operate sequentially to mimic a continuous flow of material through the system. Instead of loading, washing, and eluting in discrete steps, SMB continuously feeds samples and solvents, enabling higher throughput with reduced solvent consumption.

Continuous chromatography offers several advantages. First, it improves efficiency by maximizing resin capacity. Instead of overloading or underutilizing columns, continuous operation ensures each section of the system is used optimally. This leads to higher yields and consistent separation quality.

Second, continuous systems significantly reduce downtime. In batch purification, time is lost between individual runs. Continuous workflows eliminate these gaps, improving overall productivity—especially critical in…